Kidney Stones — Modern Treatments from ESWL to Laser Surgery

Kidney stones — hard mineral and salt deposits that form in the kidneys — are one of the most painful urological conditions. In India, the lifetime risk is estimated at 10-12%, with dehydration, dietary habits, and genetic factors playing significant roles. The good news is that modern urology offers several highly effective, minimally invasive treatments that can remove stones without large incisions or prolonged recovery.

How Do Kidney Stones Form?

Stones form when urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals like calcium, oxalate, and uric acid to crystallise and stick together. The most common type is calcium oxalate stones. Risk factors include inadequate water intake, high-sodium diet, excess animal protein, obesity, certain medications, and family history. People living in hot climates — like Hyderabad — are at higher risk due to chronic dehydration.

Treatment Options: From Least to Most Invasive

• ESWL (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy) — non-invasive; external shock waves break stones into sand-like particles that pass naturally. Best for stones under 2cm in the kidney or upper ureter. No incisions, day-care procedure
• RIRS (Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery) — a flexible ureteroscope is passed through the natural urinary opening to reach stones inside the kidney. Holmium laser pulverises the stone into dust. Ideal for stones 1-2cm, including those that ESWL cannot reach
• URS (Ureteroscopy) — a rigid scope removes stones lodged in the ureter. Laser fragments the stone for natural passage. Effective for mid and lower ureteric stones
• PCNL (Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy) — for large stones over 2cm. A tiny incision in the back allows direct access into the kidney to fragment and remove stones. 90%+ clearance in a single session

Preventing Recurrence

Once you have had a kidney stone, the risk of recurrence is 50% within five years. Prevention strategies include drinking 2.5-3 litres of water daily, reducing sodium intake, limiting animal protein, and avoiding oxalate-rich foods (spinach, nuts, chocolate) in excess. At SurgeonForU, we send every stone for analysis and provide personalised dietary prevention plans based on your stone type.